Chris Levesque CH 519 Environmental Chemistry Wiki Project #1 12 Principles of Green Chemistry and UV Technology In this page, the contents will focus on the last 6 principles of Green Chemical relating to current green chemistry practices and when applicable the use of UV technology.The 12 principles of green chemistry defined by the founders of green chemistry Paul Anastas and John Warner are as follows: (Principles 1-6 and the Definition of Green Chemistry)
A raw material feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practical.
Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/deprotection, and temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided whenever possible.
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and ultimately break down into innocuous degradation products.
Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time in-process monitoring and control prior to the function of hazardous substances.
Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.
Principle #7
Ultra Violet Light has been the major source of energy for all vegetation growth.All vegetation is essentially renewable for the means of feedstock, shelter, fuels, clothing and other resources, but one plant in particular has out performed the others for renewable and sustainable products in today’s world.The plant is bamboo and it is classified as a grass.Bamboo grows at a much higher rate than trees but has similar characteristics as trees.Although UV is the greatest source of energy for bamboo, fabrics made from bamboo fibers when chemically treated with bactericide can also absorb UV light which can lead to skin cancer and cataracts in humans and animals.The treated bamboo also has great antibacterial qualities.Bamboo shoots are consumed by humans and animals for food. Although bamboo has been historically plant grown in the Eastern Hemisphere, Western Culture is beginning to notice the unique and beneficial qualities of the plant.Western sustainable building designs incorporate the use of bamboo as a major construction material similar to the methods used by the inhabitants in it’s indigenous areas for centuries.
Principle #8 Principle 8 looks to investigate methods in which the use of safer solvents and safer reaction conditions are the means to obtaining our products.UV curing technology has had great success in curing of paints, inks and other coating materials.UV light compared to previous and more traditional technologies reduce the amount of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released into the earths atmosphere.Companies using this technology have also been able to reduce energy costs for operating preceding equipment such as gas fired ovens, afterburners and chill rollers and increase productivity with shorter curing periods and the availability of the previous equipment’s operating space.
http://www.profileprints.com/uv-curing.html
Principle #9 Catalytic reagents are chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction, but are not consumed or altered by the chemical reaction[1].UV light treatment has been used as a catalyst to help humans with skin conditions, mode and sleep disorders, Parkinson’s disease and other ailments and diseases.In the case of psoriasis, a non-contagious autoimmune disease that rapidly produces skin cells and causes inflammation, UV treatment is used to suppress the immune system through chemical reactions, which slows down the regeneration of cell growth.Ultraviolet light is a catalyst, which temporarily provides low levels of energy to the growing cells and disrupts the growth.To have beneficial results of UV treatment people with psoriasis may need to receive daily to weekly treatments. Principle #10 Chemical products have been designed and are still being designed to withstand environmental conditions and when their design life has past the environment is unable to degrade these products easily.Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) are an example of a product that persists in the environment after it has served its design life.PCBs were used in many functions including lubricants, hydraulic fluids, sealants, flame retardants and others.They have been identified as a toxicant and can produce severe health effects to humans and animals and the environment. UV technology is used in a few processes to degrade PCBs to a non-harmful form.One such technology uses UV technology with microorganisms that are able to degrade biphenyl.UV light is used to degrade and remove the chlorine atoms from the PCBs molecules.This process is preferred over other chemical treatments because of cost savings and the absence of harmful byproducts.Once the chlorine atoms are separated from the biphenyl, the microorganisms can degrade the chlorine free biphenyl into water, carbon dioxide and chlorine.[2] Principle #11 In most water treatment and wastewater treatment facilities Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are installed to monitor and operate the facility’s functions.One such system in each plant is the disinfection system.Facilities typically use one or more of three typical disinfection processes, which are chlorination, ozone and ultraviolet.Each has their advantages and disadvantages.An advantage for chlorine in a water treatment plant is that chlorine has residual disinfection effectiveness throughout the transmission from the facility to the costumer; the disadvantage is that chlorine byproducts such as TTHMs are suspected carcinogens.Ultraviolet technology to disinfect bacteria, viruses and microorganisms in wastewater has more advantages than chlorine in treating wastewater because chlorine has the potential to kill healthy organisms downstream in the discharge stream.The method used by engineers and chemists to effectively disinfect wastewater leaving a plant is by monitoring flows throughout the plant by the use of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a SCADA component used to collect and transmit real-time data from measurement points.The real-time data is then forwarded to the Human Machine Interface (HMI), which through preset programming will output data to another PLC, which may control the intensity or number of UV lamps used for disinfection.
Principle #12 The greatest resource used by industry in the last century has been fossil fuels and especially diesel. Products such as ethanol and biodiesel are being introduced as replacements of petroleum fuel sources.Biodiesel in particular is available for use in many markets including transportation.Biodiesel is formed by vegetable oils and animal fats.The use of biodiesel will significantly lower the risk of environmental impact when accidents occur which could amount to releases or explosions.Ultraviolet light is a degrader of biodiesel greatly reducing any negative impacts to the environment when released.Biodiesel has its challenges in the future with modified diesel engines, effects of biodiesel on petroleum based seals and gaskets in engines and its use in cold temperatures.
CH 519 Environmental Chemistry
Wiki Project #1
12 Principles of Green Chemistry and UV Technology
In this page, the contents will focus on the last 6 principles of Green Chemical relating to current green chemistry practices and when applicable the use of UV technology. The 12 principles of green chemistry defined by the founders of green chemistry Paul Anastas and John Warner are as follows:
(Principles 1-6 and the Definition of Green Chemistry)
Principle #7
Ultra Violet Light has been the major source of energy for all vegetation growth. All vegetation is essentially renewable for the means of feedstock, shelter, fuels, clothing and other resources, but one plant in particular has out performed the others for renewable and sustainable products in today’s world. The plant is bamboo and it is classified as a grass. Bamboo grows at a much higher rate than trees but has similar characteristics as trees. Although UV is the greatest source of energy for bamboo, fabrics made from bamboo fibers when chemically treated with bactericide can also absorb UV light which can lead to skin cancer and cataracts in humans and animals. The treated bamboo also has great antibacterial qualities. Bamboo shoots are consumed by humans and animals for food.
Although bamboo has been historically plant grown in the Eastern Hemisphere, Western Culture is beginning to notice the unique and beneficial qualities of the plant. Western sustainable building designs incorporate the use of bamboo as a major construction material similar to the methods used by the inhabitants in it’s indigenous areas for centuries.
Principle #8
Principle 8 looks to investigate methods in which the use of safer solvents and safer reaction conditions are the means to obtaining our products. UV curing technology has had great success in curing of paints, inks and other coating materials. UV light compared to previous and more traditional technologies reduce the amount of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released into the earths atmosphere. Companies using this technology have also been able to reduce energy costs for operating preceding equipment such as gas fired ovens, afterburners and chill rollers and increase productivity with shorter curing periods and the availability of the previous equipment’s operating space.
Principle #9
Catalytic reagents are chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction, but are not consumed or altered by the chemical reaction[1]. UV light treatment has been used as a catalyst to help humans with skin conditions, mode and sleep disorders, Parkinson’s disease and other ailments and diseases. In the case of psoriasis, a non-contagious autoimmune disease that rapidly produces skin cells and causes inflammation, UV treatment is used to suppress the immune system through chemical reactions, which slows down the regeneration of cell growth. Ultraviolet light is a catalyst, which temporarily provides low levels of energy to the growing cells and disrupts the growth. To have beneficial results of UV treatment people with psoriasis may need to receive daily to weekly treatments.
Principle #10
Chemical products have been designed and are still being designed to withstand environmental conditions and when their design life has past the environment is unable to degrade these products easily. Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) are an example of a product that persists in the environment after it has served its design life. PCBs were used in many functions including lubricants, hydraulic fluids, sealants, flame retardants and others. They have been identified as a toxicant and can produce severe health effects to humans and animals and the environment.
UV technology is used in a few processes to degrade PCBs to a non-harmful form. One such technology uses UV technology with microorganisms that are able to degrade biphenyl. UV light is used to degrade and remove the chlorine atoms from the PCBs molecules. This process is preferred over other chemical treatments because of cost savings and the absence of harmful byproducts. Once the chlorine atoms are separated from the biphenyl, the microorganisms can degrade the chlorine free biphenyl into water, carbon dioxide and chlorine.[2]
Principle #11
In most water treatment and wastewater treatment facilities Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are installed to monitor and operate the facility’s functions. One such system in each plant is the disinfection system. Facilities typically use one or more of three typical disinfection processes, which are chlorination, ozone and ultraviolet. Each has their advantages and disadvantages. An advantage for chlorine in a water treatment plant is that chlorine has residual disinfection effectiveness throughout the transmission from the facility to the costumer; the disadvantage is that chlorine byproducts such as TTHMs are suspected carcinogens. Ultraviolet technology to disinfect bacteria, viruses and microorganisms in wastewater has more advantages than chlorine in treating wastewater because chlorine has the potential to kill healthy organisms downstream in the discharge stream. The method used by engineers and chemists to effectively disinfect wastewater leaving a plant is by monitoring flows throughout the plant by the use of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a SCADA component used to collect and transmit real-time data from measurement points. The real-time data is then forwarded to the Human Machine Interface (HMI), which through preset programming will output data to another PLC, which may control the intensity or number of UV lamps used for disinfection.
Principle #12
The greatest resource used by industry in the last century has been fossil fuels and especially diesel. Products such as ethanol and biodiesel are being introduced as replacements of petroleum fuel sources. Biodiesel in particular is available for use in many markets including transportation. Biodiesel is formed by vegetable oils and animal fats. The use of biodiesel will significantly lower the risk of environmental impact when accidents occur which could amount to releases or explosions. Ultraviolet light is a degrader of biodiesel greatly reducing any negative impacts to the environment when released. Biodiesel has its challenges in the future with modified diesel engines, effects of biodiesel on petroleum based seals and gaskets in engines and its use in cold temperatures.
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[1] http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_catalyst
[2] http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr17/f17_environment.html